Monday, January 26, 1998

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ALBANY, NEW YORK 10 January 26, 1998 11 3:04 p.m. 12 13 14 REGULAR SESSION 15 16 17 18 LT. GOVERNOR BETSY McCAUGHEY ROSS, President 19 STEVEN M. BOGGESS, Secretary 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 P R O C E E D I N G S 2 (The public address system was 3 completely inoperative.) 4 THE PRESIDENT: The Senate will 5 come to order. Would you please rise and join 6 me in the Pledge of Allegiance. 7 (The assemblage repeated the 8 Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag.) 9 The invocation today will be 10 given by Reverend David Selzer, from the 11 Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd in 12 Buffalo. 13 Reverend Seltzer. 14 REVEREND DAVID SELZER: Let us 15 pray. 16 Bless to You, O Holy One, 17 Creator and Sustainer of the universe. 18 Bless to You, O God, for 19 creating us women and men in your holy image 20 and for giving us the gifts of memory, wisdom, 21 skill and compassion. 22 Bless to You for this day and 23 for the Senate of this great state of New York 24 with its gifts of being able to respond to its 25 citizens in need and its concern for all the 1 people of New York. 2 Bless to You, Allah, for the 3 work You have given us to do, to govern Your 4 people with justice and equality under the law 5 and to discern the needs of our citizens, 6 women and men, old and young, people of color 7 and white, native and immigrant, gay, lesbian 8 and straight, for the health and well-being of 9 all. 10 Bless to You for the heritage 11 of the women and men of New York who helped 12 our society become more just for all, for 13 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Amelia Jakes 14 Plummer, for Margaret Sanger and the founders 15 of Planned Parenthood, for those who continue 16 the struggle for equality and equal rights for 17 women, especially giving thanks to the gifts 18 of family planning and reproductive choice. 19 Help us to learn from their experience and 20 continue their heritage. 21 Be present with the Senate as 22 it meets today, guide and secure the concerns 23 of all its citizens and to preserve their 24 liberties and the dignity of all, helping to 25 move beyond legislation for pure political 1 gain only, to legislation that seeks to do 2 justice for all. 3 Bless to you forever and ever. 4 Amen. 5 THE PRESIDENT: Amen. 6 Reading of the Journal. 7 THE SECRETARY: In Senate, 8 Saturday, January 24th. The Senate met 9 pursuant to adjournment. The Journal of 10 Friday, January 23rd, was read and approved. 11 On motion, Senate adjourned. 12 THE PRESIDENT: Without 13 objection, the Journal stands approved as 14 read. 15 Presentation of petitions. 16 Messages from the Assembly. 17 Messages from the Governor. 18 Reports of standing 19 committees. 20 Secretary will read. 21 THE SECRETARY: Senator Rath, 22 from the Committee on Local Government, 23 reports the following bills: 24 Senate Print 527, by Senator 25 Present, an act to amend the General Municipal 1 Law; 2 532, by Senator Present, an act 3 to amend the General Municipal Law; 4 1182, by Senator Seward, an act 5 to amend the County Law; 6 1419, by Senator Cook, an act 7 to amend the Real Property Tax Law; 8 2305, by Senator Larkin, an act 9 to amend the Real Property Tax Law; 10 5960, by Senator Present, an 11 act to amend the Real Property Tax Law, and 12 6025, by Senator Stafford, an 13 act to amend the Real Property Tax Law. 14 Senator Volker, from the 15 Committee on Codes, reports: 16 Senate Print 70, by Senator 17 Levy, an act to amend the Penal Law; 18 244, by Senator Johnson, an act 19 to amend the Penal Law; 20 251, by Senator Rath, an act to 21 repeal section 241; 22 253, by Senator Skelos, an act 23 to amend the Penal Law; 24 337, by Senator Skelos, an act 25 to amend the Penal Law; 1 539, by Senator Present, an act 2 to amend the Criminal Procedure Law; 3 816-A, by Senator Saland, an 4 act to amend the Penal Law; 5 882, by Senator Spano, an act 6 to amend the Penal Law; 7 948-A, by Senator Alesi, an act 8 to amend the Penal Law; 9 1292, by Senator Saland, an act 10 to amend the Criminal Procedure Law; 11 1467-A, by Senator Volker, an 12 act to amend the Criminal Procedure Law; 13 1914-A, by Senator Libous, an 14 act to amend the Penal Law; 15 1918, by Senator Libous, an act 16 to amend the Penal Law; 17 3532, by Senator Volker, an act 18 to amend the Penal Law; 19 4347, by Senator Maltese, an 20 act to amend the Penal Law; 21 4644-A, by Senator Cook, an act 22 to amend the Criminal Procedure Law; 23 5421, by Senator Velella, an 24 act to amend the Criminal Procedure Law; 25 5691, by Senator Volker, an act 1 to amend the Penal Law and others. 2 All bills reported direct for 3 third reading. 4 THE PRESIDENT: Without 5 objection, all bills direct to third reading. 6 Reports of select committees. 7 Communications and reports from 8 state officers. 9 Motions and resolutions. 10 Senator Skelos. 11 SENATOR SKELOS: Madam 12 President, take up the non-controversial 13 calendar. 14 THE PRESIDENT: Secretary will 15 read. 16 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 17 9, by Senator Rath, Senate Print 3636, an act 18 to amend the General Municipal Law, in 19 relation to alternative methods. 20 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 21 section, please. 22 THE SECRETARY: Section 3. 23 This act shall take effect on the 160th day. 24 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 25 (The Secretary called the 1 roll. ) 2 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 45. 3 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 4 passed. 5 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 6 13, by Senator Leibell, Senate Print 3626, an 7 act to amend the Executive Law, in relation to 8 allowing designees of certain members. 9 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 10 section, please. 11 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 12 This act shall take effect immediately. 13 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 14 (The Secretary called the 15 roll. ) 16 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 45. 17 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 18 passed. 19 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 20 18, by Senator Saland, Senate Print 1143, an 21 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 22 including the intentional preventing of 23 hospital emergency department personnel. 24 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 25 section, please. 1 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 2 This act shall take effect on the first day of 3 November. 4 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 5 (The Secretary called the 6 roll. ) 7 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 46. 8 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 9 passed. 10 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 11 20, by Senator Volker, Senate Print 1717, an 12 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 13 aggravated harassment of an employee by an 14 inmate. 15 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 16 section, please. 17 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 18 This act shall take effect on the first day of 19 November. 20 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 21 (The Secretary called the 22 roll. ) 23 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 49. 24 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 25 passed. 1 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 2 22, by Senator Wright, Senate Print 3814, an 3 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 4 assault with a noxious material. 5 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 6 section, please. 7 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 8 This act shall take effect on the first day of 9 November. 10 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll, 11 please. 12 (The Secretary called the 13 roll. ) 14 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 49. 15 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 16 passed. 17 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 18 23, by Senator Larkin, Senate Print 3869, an 19 act to amend the Civil Practice Law and Rules, 20 in relation to authorizing. 21 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 22 section, please. 23 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. This 24 act shall take effect immediately. 25 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 1 (The Secretary called the 2 roll. ) 3 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 49. 4 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 5 passed. 6 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 7 24, by Senator Nozzolio, Senate Print 3924, an 8 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 9 allowing an 11-year-old person to take a 10 hunting safety course. 11 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 12 section, please. 13 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. This 14 act shall take effect immediately. 15 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 16 (The Secretary called the 17 roll. ) 18 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 49. 19 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 20 passed. 21 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 22 25, by Senator Padavan, Senate Print 4589, an 23 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 24 including police officers. 25 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 1 section, please. 2 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 3 This act shall take effect on the first day of 4 November. 5 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 6 (The Secretary called the 7 roll. ) 8 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 53. 9 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 10 passed. 11 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 12 26, by Senator Volker, Senate Print 5280, an 13 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 14 causing the death of a peace officer. 15 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 16 section, please. 17 Oh, Senator Holland. 18 SENATOR HOLLAND: To explain my 19 vote. 20 SENATOR HOLLAND: When New York 21 City Police Officer Vinnie Guidice died in the 22 line of duty in May of 1996, it was a loss 23 that hit home for me. 24 Though he worked in New York, 25 Officer Vincent Guidice lived in Stony Point 1 in Rockland County and was a vibrant member of 2 our community, having served as a volunteer 3 fireman and had a variety of other community 4 involvement. 5 As we all know by now, the 6 circumstances of Officer Guidice's death were 7 unusual. There was no gun, no knife; yet the 8 consequences of Anthony Rivers' actions were 9 just as deadly and the results just as tragic, 10 the loss of one of New York's finest. 11 Officer Guidice died on May 12 22nd, 1996 from injuries he sustained while 13 responding to the second domestic violence 14 request of the day involving Anthony Rivers. 15 Rivers resisted arrest, resulting in a 16 struggle during which Officer Guidice fell on 17 a broken mirror and bled to death from the 18 resulting injuries. 19 When a jury failed to find 20 Anthony Rivers criminally responsible for 21 Vincent Guidice's death, it was clear that 22 this Legislature should be responsible for 23 addressing shortcomings in the law. 24 Officer Guidice was not the 25 only victim of this crime. 1 His family, our community and 2 every law-abiding New Yorker was victimized 3 when Anthony Rivers who, in trying to prevent 4 Officer Guidice from upholding the law, was 5 not held responsible for his death. 6 Rivers has a very, very bad 7 record. 8 Passage of this legislation 9 would provide greater protections for our 10 public servants who put their lives on the 11 line every day. 12 Vinnie Guidice made the 13 ultimate sacrifice in the performance of his 14 job. 15 It is only proper that we honor 16 his memory with legislation that will, in the 17 future, hold criminals more accountable for 18 their actions. 19 I hope our colleagues in the 20 Assembly will see fit to join the Senate in 21 passing the Police Officer Vincent Guidice 22 Memorial Act. 23 We must end parole for violent 24 felons! 25 I vote yes. 1 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 2 section, please. 3 THE SECRETARY: Section 4. 4 This act shall take effect on the first day of 5 November. 6 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 7 (The Secretary called the 8 roll. ) 9 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 53. 10 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 11 passed. 12 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 13 36, by Senator Farley, Senate Print 3803-A, an 14 act to amend the Banking Law, in relation to 15 the voluntary and involuntary liquidation of 16 investment companies. 17 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 18 section, please. 19 THE SECRETARY: Section 18. 20 This act shall take effect immediately. 21 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 22 (The Secretary called the 23 roll. ) 24 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 53. 25 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 1 passed. 2 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 3 50, by Senator Spano, Senate Print 4143, an 4 act to amend the Workers' Compensation Law, in 5 relation to exemption from coverage for 6 executive officers of certain entities. 7 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 8 section, please. 9 THE SECRETARY: Section 3. 10 This act shall take effect in 90 days. 11 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 12 (The Secretary called the 13 roll. ) 14 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 53. 15 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 16 passed. 17 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 18 80, by Senator DeFrancisco, Senate Print 480, 19 an act to amend the Social Services Law, in 20 relation to transportation. 21 SENATOR STACHOWSKI: Lay aside. 22 THE PRESIDENT: Laid aside, 23 please. 24 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 25 87, by Senator Present, Senate Print 538, an 1 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 2 lawful possession. 3 SENATOR STACHOWSKI: Lay 4 aside. 5 THE PRESIDENT: Lay it aside, 6 please. 7 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 8 96, by Senator Maziarz, Senate Print 2525, an 9 act to amend the Criminal Procedure Law, in 10 relation to period of limitation. 11 THE PRESIDENT: Read the last 12 section, please. 13 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 14 This act shall take effect immediately. 15 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 16 (The Secretary called the 17 roll. ) 18 THE SECRETARY: Ayes 53. 19 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 20 passed. 21 SENATOR SKELOS: Madam 22 President, could you take up the controversial 23 calendar. 24 THE PRESIDENT: Secretary will 25 read. 1 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 2 80, by Senator DeFrancisco, Senate Print 480, 3 an act to amend the Social Services Law, in 4 relation to the transportation of certain 5 persons in need of medical assistance. 6 SENATOR PATERSON: Explanation, 7 please. 8 THE PRESIDENT: Senator 9 DeFrancisco, an explanation has been 10 requested. 11 SENATOR DeFRANCISCO: Yes, this 12 bill basically -- well, not basically, is 13 identical to the bill that passed last year 14 which would require all individuals on 15 Medicaid who are physically able and 16 emotionally able to take public transportation 17 to non-emergency appointments. 18 THE PRESIDENT: Senator 19 Paterson. 20 SENATOR PATERSON: Thank you, 21 Madam President. 22 If the sponsor would yield for 23 a question. 24 SENATOR DeFRANCISCO: Yes. 25 THE PRESIDENT: Senator 1 DeFrancisco? Senator Paterson. 2 SENATOR PATERSON: Senator 3 DeFrancisco, this measure designed for cost 4 saving, I wonder if you have any data as to 5 how much it would save the state and how one 6 would consider maybe how this wonderful term 7 "physically able" is defined and so, 8 therefore, I ask you (inaudible). 9 SENATOR DeFRANCISCO: We say it 10 would be a justified benefit not only to save 11 the costs, but it drives more dollars to 12 public transportation each year. I was 13 approached by CENTRO, our local transportation 14 agency, who we have provided emergency funding 15 for the last three years, and they told me not 16 only the saving but that transportation 17 dollars would be driven to those public 18 transportation systems that we had to use 19 other tax dollars for to provide emergency 20 grants since their ridership wasn't as high as 21 it would have to be to be financially stable. 22 So I don't know the exact dollars, but to tell 23 you there's a double benefit saving the 24 transportation costs and driving dollars to 25 public transportation. 1 THE PRESIDENT: Excuse me, 2 Senator Paterson. There is no microphone 3 today, so if everybody would refrain from 4 talking too much and ask the speakers who are 5 debating to magnify their voices. 6 Senator Paterson. 7 SENATOR PATERSON: Thank you, 8 Madam President. 9 Could Senator DeFrancisco yield 10 for another question? 11 THE PRESIDENT: Senator? 12 SENATOR DeFRANCISCO: Yes. 13 SENATOR PATERSON: Senator, do 14 you happen to have the -- how many individuals 15 would actually be affected and would, in fact, 16 this whole scenario played out for some amount 17 of savings, involve a lot of burden on senior 18 citizens whose ability to travel any distance 19 from the public transportation center to where 20 they may live would probably vary almost on a 21 monthly basis with the elderly. How many 22 people, in other words, would this actually 23 really assist? 24 THE PRESIDENT: Senator 25 DeFrancisco. 1 SENATOR DeFRANCISCO: Once 2 again, I don't have any numbers but it's just 3 the basis of the bill is common sense. If the 4 person is physically capable of public 5 transportation, then an individual should be 6 required to take public transportation just 7 like any individual on a fixed income that may 8 not be able to purchase a vehicle would need 9 public transportation to go to work and pay 10 their own money for that public 11 transportation. We should use the same theory 12 if they're physically capable, to use our 13 taxpayer money more efficiently, but I can't 14 give you numbers. It just makes to me common 15 sense to provide the same standard for those 16 using public money as they would have to use 17 with their own money. 18 THE PRESIDENT: Senator 19 Paterson. 20 SENATOR PATERSON: Thank you, 21 Senator DeFrancisco. 22 Madam President, on the bill. 23 I think that what Senator 24 DeFrancisco is suggesting makes sense to me as 25 well. If we had a group of people who are 1 physically able to travel at a cost savings to 2 the state, we certainly would want to 3 encourage that travel. However, lacking 4 sufficient evidence and documentation as I 5 tried to elicit from Senator DeFrancisco, we 6 have to arrive at the conclusion that 7 conditions are not always as they seem. 8 In the sense of trying to come 9 to a determination as to what actually is 10 "physically able" under what we would 11 consider to be the standard that would make 12 someone eligible to engage in this kind of 13 transportation, it's our opinion that it would 14 possibly hurt far more individuals than would 15 actually help us in terms of the cost 16 savings. 17 The desire to direct more 18 people to public transportation is good; the 19 desire to have those who are physically 20 capable not take too much advantage of social 21 services by taking taxis to services is also 22 good, but in the absence of (inaudible) that 23 the evidence would bear out, we are making 24 individuals travel great distances from the 25 center at which the public transportation 1 begins, and there is also concern for the 2 public safety of those individuals, often 3 elderly, who are placed in the position of 4 having to travel like that and lacking the 5 physical capability to do it a few times over 6 a period of time, their overall physical 7 condition and out of concern for their 8 physical condition and their overall health 9 and safety, I think it would make better sense 10 not to pass this legislation and would 11 probably bear on the factors of public safety 12 and also of difficulty to the individuals who 13 are not trying to really in many ways take 14 advantage of the system but are probably 15 having trouble living under the conditions as 16 they are now. 17 I would suggest that we not go 18 this route and pass this legislation. 19 THE PRESIDENT: Thank you, 20 Senator Paterson. 21 Read the last section, please. 22 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 23 This act shall take effect immediately. 24 THE PRESIDENT: Call the roll. 25 (The Secretary called the 1 roll. ) 2 THE SECRETARY: Those recorded 3 in the negative on Calendar Number 80 are 4 Senators Abate, Connor, Gentile, Gold, Kruger, 5 Lachman, Markowitz, Montgomery, Paterson and 6 Santiago. Ayes 45, nays 10. 7 THE PRESIDENT: The bill is 8 passed. 9 THE SECRETARY: Calendar Number 10 87, by Senator Present, Senate Print 538, an 11 act to amend the Penal Law, in relation to 12 lawful possession of weapons. 13 SENATOR PATERSON: 14 Explanation. 15 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 16 Senator Present, an explanation has been 17 requested. 18 SENATOR PRESENT: Mr. 19 President, it's been many years since we 20 passed (inaudible) Boy Scout summer camp 21 program, where they teach the boys how to 22 ensure the safety, and to allow 11-year-olds 23 to obtain (inaudible). It's a very popular 24 program among the scout campers and it's 25 limited to taking place under the control and 1 supervision of a certified Boy Scout 2 instructor on a range that's certified. That's 3 all it does. 4 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 5 Senator Paterson. 6 SENATOR PATERSON: Thank you, 7 Mr. President. 8 Just a point on the bill 9 itself. I'd just like to comment that 10 sometimes I think we bring a terrible 11 confusion by these programs particularly for 12 the younger people such as this permitting 13 possession of a rifle. In other words, we're 14 advocating against the overuse of tobacco, but 15 at the same time we're publicizing the use of 16 tobacco. We might have sexual problems and we 17 suggest abstinence from sex, but again we 18 publicize the process. Here again, we have 19 the problem with the discussion of safety of 20 firearms at the same time we're bringing up 21 the discussion of the use of firearms 22 themselves and, at this point, particularly at 23 age 11, I don't know that it's the greatest 24 idea to actually be publicizing what would be 25 the use of firearms which has contributed to 1 so much violence in our society today. 2 Other than that, I'm not going 3 to say anything about the fact that my brother 4 shot me with his B-B gun many years ago 5 (inaudible) and I think he was somewhere 6 around age 11, and that is only a minor 7 consideration in casting my vote against this 8 particular piece of legislation. 9 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: Read 10 the last section. 11 THE SECRETARY: Section 2. 12 This act shall take effect on the first day of 13 November. 14 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: Call 15 the roll. 16 (The Secretary called the 17 roll. ) 18 THE SECRETARY: Those recorded 19 in the negative on Calendar Number 87 are 20 Senators Kruger, Montgomery and Paterson. 21 Ayes 53, nays 3. 22 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: The 23 bill is passed. 24 SENATOR OPPENHEIMER: Mr. 25 President. 1 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 2 Senator Oppenheimer. 3 SENATOR OPPENHEIMER: I would 4 like unanimous consent, please, to be recorded 5 in the negative on Calendar Number 8. 6 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 7 Without objection, Senator Oppenheimer will be 8 recorded in the negative on Calendar Number 9 8. 10 Senator Skelos, that concludes 11 the reading of the controversial calendar. 12 SENATOR SKELOS: Mr. President, 13 if we could return to motions and resolutions, 14 I believe there is a privileged resolution at 15 the desk by Senator Markowitz. I would ask 16 that the title be read and move its adoption. 17 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: We 18 will return to the order of motions and 19 resolutions. Secretary will read the title. 20 THE SECRETARY: By Senator 21 Markowitz, Legislative Resolution recognizing 22 the week of January 25 through January 31, 23 1998 as Catholic Schools Week. 24 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 25 Question is on the resolution. All in favor 1 signify by saying aye. 2 (Response of "Aye.") 3 Opposed nay. 4 (There was no response. ) 5 The resolution is adopted. 6 Senator Skelos. 7 SENATOR SKELOS: Would you 8 recognize Senator Montgomery, please. 9 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 10 Sorry. Senator Montgomery. 11 SENATOR MONTGOMERY: Yes, Mr. 12 President. I would like unanimous consent to 13 be recorded in the negative on Calendar Number 14 96. 15 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: 16 Without objection, Senator Montgomery will be 17 recorded in the negative on Calendar Number 18 96. 19 Senator Rath. 20 SENATOR RATH: Yes, Mr. 21 President. I move the following bill be 22 discharged from its respective committee with 23 instructions to strike the enacting clause: 24 Senate Bill Number 1744 and 2120. 25 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: So 1 ordered. 2 Senator Skelos. 3 SENATOR SKELOS: Mr. President, 4 is there any other housekeeping at the desk? 5 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: No, 6 Senator Skelos, there is none. 7 SENATOR SKELOS: There being no 8 further business, I move we adjourn until 9 Tuesday, January 27th at 12:00 noon. 10 ACTING PRESIDENT MEIER: There 11 being no further business, the Senate will 12 adjourn until January 27th, Tuesday, at 12:00 13 noon. 14 (Whereupon at 3:30 p.m., the 15 Senate adjourned.) 16 17 18 19 20