Relates to facilitating female genital mutilation

Section two provides the effective date.

Justification

Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to a harmful traditional practice primarily on girls under the age of 18 and that consists of procedures performed on the female genitalia without a medical purpose. FGM ranges from clitoridectomy, the removal of part or all of the clitoris, to infibulation, in which all of the outer genitalia are removed and the vagina is sealed, often with stitches, except for a small opening.

The United Nations recently estimated that at least 200 million women and girls around the world have undergone FGM, 44 million of whom are girls below age 15, and some a few weeks after birth. United Nations Children's Fund, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A global concern, UNICEF, New York, 2016 UNICEF Report). According to the UNICEF Report, more than 500,000 females in the U.S. have either undergone FGM or are at serious risk of undergoing FGM. In 2000, New York was ranked second in the country (after California) with the greatest estimated numbers of girls and women at risk of FGM. When ranked by metropolitan areas with the greatest numbers of girls and women at risk, the New York metropolitan area (including parts of Connecticut and Pennsylvania) came in first. According to a 2013 study, more than 65,000 females at risk or who have undergone FGM live in the New York City metropolitan area and Newark. "Female Genital Mutilation - the Numbers Keep Rising," by Robin Wright, The New Yorker, February 8, 2016.

Yet we know that even the numbers we have do not reflect the full scope of the issue since the data is based on household surveys.

Typically, girls are most at risk of FGM if they are part of a community originally from a country where FGM is prevalent. FGM is prevalent in 30 countries in Africa and the Middle East and Asia. Cases of FGM occur in every location in which immigrant FGM-practicing families settle, such as New York. FGM is usually performed on girls before the age of 15, but the specific age varies by region, local custom, and ethnic group, and in many countries, the average age is reported to be falling, with some girls subjected to the practice within the first few weeks or months of life.

Despite current law prohibiting FGM, every year girls in our State remain at risk of facing imminent danger of FGM when the procedure is carried out either in covert and illegal ceremonies within the State or in traditional ceremonies overseas. In the former instance, girls are subjected to FGM by traditional practitioners who have been brought in from overseas to preside over covert ceremonies where an entire group of girls are subjected to the procedure within a short period of time. In the latter instance, families send girls overseas, often to their parents' countries of origin, to undergo FGM. After FGM in the State was criminalized in 1997, we have learned from, among other things, testimony of survivors that families are increasingly engaging in this practice, known as "vacation cutting." Family members send their female children overseas to undergo FGM during school vacations, as part of a trip organized to expose the girls to the customs of their ancestral homelands, and thereby avoid criminal prosecution in this State.

These children are sent overseas for FGM without their consent, and, as reported in the New York Times, in some cases without the knowledge or permission of one or both of their parents. See "After School in Brooklyn, West African Girls Share Memories of a Painful Ritual," by Nadia Sussman, New York Times, April 25, 2011. Although there are thousands of women living in the State who have been subjected to FGM and who wish to protect their daughters from the same fate, controlling spouses, elder relatives and community members exert overriding authority over these women's wishes.

A persistent misconception about FGM is that the procedure is required by religion, particularly Islam. However, a multi-country survey conducted by the World Health Organization reveals that the perceived link between FGM and religion may in fact be only a reformulation of control over a women's sexuality and a form of gender-based violation and discrimination. FGM is a 5,000 year-old harmful cultural practice that appears to predate any religion. FGM is neither prescribed by any religion nor is it particular to any religious group. FGM is prevalent among communities of different religious backgrounds, including Muslims, Christians, Jews, and followers of traditional animist religions. FGM is, among many groups, performed to preserve a girl's virginity or to control her sexuality, or is a prerequisite to marriage.

FGM, however, creates lifelong physical and psychological damage, including extensive bleeding, infection, painful menstruation and complications during childbirth, and sexual and psychological complications. The sexual and psychological impact of the practice cannot be understated, nor considered secondary to its physical impact; the consequences survivors suffer are typically complex, interlinked and often irreversible. Moreover, some women are reported to be apprehensive about seeking medical care because they fear their doctors' reaction.

With enactment of this legislation, we will enhance our ability to protect girls at risk of FGM by holding accountable individuals who intentionally assist in subjecting a girl to FGM knowing that a person intends to engage in FGM of such girl.

Legislative history

2015: S.3484 - S.3484 - Passed Senate / A.47 - Referred to Codes. 2014: S.5518 - Passed Senate / A.7320 - Referred to Codes. 2013: S.5518 - Passed Senate / A.7320 - Referred to Codes.

Fiscal implications

None to the State.

Effective date

This act shall take effect on the ninetieth day after it shall have become law.