Cut Climate Pollution, Protect Communities

Section 1. Legislative findings and declaration. The legislature hereby enacts the "New York state climate and community protection act" and finds and declares that:

1. Climate change is adversely affecting economic well-being, public health, natural resources, and the environment of New York. The adverse impacts of climate change include:

a. an increase in the severity and frequency of extreme weather events, such as storms, flooding, and heat waves, which can cause direct injury or death, property damage, and ecological damage (e.g., through the release of hazardous substances into the environment);

b. rising sea levels, which exacerbate damage from storm surges and flooding, contribute to coastal erosion and saltwater intrusion, and inundate low-lying areas, leading to the displacement of or damage to coastal habitat, property, and infrastructure;

c. a decline in freshwater and saltwater fish populations;

d. increased average temperatures, which increase the demand for air conditioning and refrigeration among residents and businesses;

e. exacerbation of air pollution; and

f. an increase in the incidences of infectious diseases, asthma attacks, heart attacks, and other negative health outcomes. These impacts are having a detrimental effect on some of New York's largest industries, including agriculture, commercial shipping, forestry, tour-

EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets

[ ] is old law to be omitted.

LBD14899-03-8

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ism, and recreational and commercial fishing. These impacts also place additional strain on the physical infrastructure that delivers critical services to the citizens of New York, including the state's energy, transportation, stormwater, and wastewater infrastructure.

2. a. The severity of current climate change and the threat of additional and more severe change will be affected by the actions undertaken by New York and other jurisdictions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions will be required by mid-century in order to limit global warming to no more than 2°C and ideally 1.5°C, and thus minimize the risk of severe impacts from climate change. Specifically, industrialized countries must reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 in order to stabilize carbon dioxide equivalent concentrations at 450 parts per million--the level required to stay within the 2°C target.

b. On December 12, 2015, one hundred ninety-five countries at the 21st Conference of the parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted an agreement addressing greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020, known as the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement was adopted on November 4, 2016, and is the largest concerted global effort to combat climate change to date.

3. Action undertaken by New York to reduce greenhouse emissions will have an impact on global greenhouse gas emissions and the rate of climate change. In addition, such action will encourage other jurisdictions to implement complementary greenhouse gas reduction strategies and provide an example of how such strategies can be implemented. It will also advance the development of green technologies and sustainable practices within the private sector, which can have far-reaching impacts such as a reduction in the cost of renewable energy components, and the creation of jobs and tax revenues in New York.

4. It shall therefore be a goal of the state of New York to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all anthropogenic sources 100% over 1990 levels by the year 2050, with an incremental target of at least a 50 percent reduction in climate pollution by the year 2030, in line with USGCRP and IPCC projections of what is necessary to avoid the most severe impacts of climate change.

5. Although substantial emissions reductions are necessary to avoid the most severe impacts of climate change, complementary adaptation measures will also be needed to address those risks that cannot be avoided. Some of the impacts of climate change are already observable in New York state and the northeastern United States. Annual average temperatures are on the rise, winter snow cover is decreasing, heat waves and precipitation are intensifying, and sea levels along New York's coastline are approximately one foot higher than they were in 1900. New York has also experienced an increasing number of extreme and unusual weather events, like Hurricanes Irene and Lee and the unprecedented Superstorm Sandy in 2012, which caused at least 53 deaths and $32 billion in damage in New York state.

6. New York should therefore minimize the risks associated with climate change through a combination of measures to reduce statewide greenhouse gas emissions and improve the resiliency of the state with respect to the impacts and risks of climate change that cannot be avoided.

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7. Climate change especially heightens the vulnerability of disadvantaged communities, which bear environmental and socioeconomic burdens as well as legacies of racial and ethnic discrimination. Actions undertaken by New York state to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions should prioritize the safety and health of disadvantaged communities, control potential regressive impacts of future climate change mitigation and adaptation policies on these communities, and prioritize the allocation of public investments in these areas.

8. Creating good jobs and a thriving economy is a core concern of New York state. Shaping the ongoing transition in our energy sector to ensure that it creates good jobs and protects workers and communities that may lose employment in the current transition must be key concerns of our climate policy. Setting clear standards for job quality and training standards encourages not only high-quality work but positive economic impacts.

9. Workers are at the front lines of climate change. Construction workers and building service workers were some of the first workers dedicated to cleaning up damage inflicted by recent storms. These workers were often operating in unsafe and toxic environments, cleaning up mold, and working in unstable buildings. In order to protect the health and welfare of these workers, it is in the interest of the state of New York to establish safe and healthy working conditions and proper training for workers involved in climate change related activities. In addition, much of the infrastructure work preparing our state for additional climate change events must happen quickly and efficiently. It is in the interest of the state to ensure labor harmony and promote efficient performance of work on climate change related work sites by requiring workers to be well-trained and adequately compensated.

10. Ensuring career opportunities are created and shared geographically and demographically is necessary to ensure increased access to good jobs for marginalized communities while making the same neighborhoods more resilient. Climate change has a disproportionate impact on low-income people, women, and workers. It is in the interest of the state of New York to protect and promote the interests of these groups against the impacts of climate change and severe weather events and to advance our equity goals by ensuring quality employment opportunities in safe working environments.

11. The complexity of the ongoing energy transition, the uneven distribution of economic opportunity, and the disproportionate cumulative economic and environmental burdens on communities mean that there is a strong state interest in setting a floor statewide for labor standards, but allowing and encouraging individual agencies and local governments to raise standards.

12. By exercising a global leadership role on greenhouse gas mitigation and climate change adaptation, New York will position its economy, technology centers, financial institutions, and businesses to benefit from national and international efforts to address climate change. New York state has already demonstrated leadership in this area by undertaking efforts such as:

a. executive order no. 24 (2009), establishing a goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80% by the year 2050, creating a climate action council, and calling for preparation of a climate action plan;

b. chapter 433 of the laws of 2009, establishing a state energy planning board and requiring the board to adopt a state energy plan;

c. chapter 388 of the laws of 2011, directing the department of environmental conservation to promulgate rules and regulations limiting

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emissions of carbon dioxide by newly constructed major generating facilities;

d. the adoption of a state energy plan establishing clean energy goals for the year 2030 aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emission levels by 40% from 1990 levels, producing 50% of electricity from renewable sources, and increasing energy efficiency from 2012 levels by 23%;

e. collaboration with other states on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, and the development of a regional low carbon fuel standard;

f. creation of new offices and task forces to address climate change, including the New York state office of climate change, the renewable energy task force, and the sea level rise task force; and

g. the enactment of the Community Risk and Resiliency Act (CRRA), which requires agencies to consider sea level rise and other climate-related events when implementing certain state programs.

This legislation will build upon these past developments by creating a comprehensive regulatory program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that corresponds with the targets established in executive order no. 24, the state energy plan, and USGCRP and IPCC projections.

§ 2. The environmental conservation law is amended by adding a new article 75 to read as follows:

ARTICLE 75

CLIMATE CHANGE Section 75-0101. Definitions.

75-0103. New York state climate action council.

75-0105. Statewide greenhouse gas emissions report.

75-0107. Statewide greenhouse gas emissions limits.

75-0109. Scoping plan for statewide greenhouse gas emissions

reductions.

75-0111. Promulgation of regulations to achieve statewide green-

house gas emissions reductions.

75-0113. Climate justice working group.

75-0115. Implementation reporting. § 75-0101. Definitions.

For the purposes of this article the following terms shall have the following meanings:

1. "Allowance" means an authorization to emit, during a specified year, up to one ton of carbon dioxide equivalent.

2. "Carbon dioxide equivalent" means the amount of carbon dioxide by mass that would produce the same global warming impact as a given mass of another greenhouse gas over an integrated twenty-year time frame after emission, based on the best available science.

3. "Co-pollutants" means hazardous air pollutants produced by greenhouse gas emissions sources.

4. "Council" means the New York state climate action council established pursuant to section 75-0103 of this article.

5. "Disadvantaged communities" means communities that bear burdens of negative public health effects, environmental pollution, impacts of climate change, and possess certain socioeconomic criteria, as identified pursuant to section 75-0113 of this article.

6. "Emissions reduction measures" means programs, measures and standards, authorized pursuant to this chapter, applicable to sources or categories of sources, that are designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.

7. "Greenhouse gas" means carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and any other

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substance emitted into the air that may be reasonably anticipated to cause or contribute to anthropogenic climate change.

8. "Greenhouse gas emission limit" means an authorization, during a specified year, to emit up to a level of greenhouse gases specified by the department, expressed in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

9. "Greenhouse gas emission source" or "source" means any anthropogenic source or category of anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas emissions, with the exception of agricultural emissions from livestock, determined by the department:

a. that its participation in the program will enable the department to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and,

b. to be capable of being monitored for compliance.

10. "Leakage" means a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases within the state that is offset by an increase in emissions of greenhouse gases outside of the state.

11. "Market-based compliance mechanism" means any of the following:

a. A price on greenhouse gas emissions from regulated sources, expressed as a fee per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent released in a given year.

b. A system of market-based declining annual aggregate emissions limitations for sources or categories of sources that emit greenhouse gases.

12. "Statewide greenhouse gas emissions" means the total annual emissions of greenhouse gases produced within the state from anthropogenic sources and greenhouse gases produced outside of the state that are associated with the generation of electricity imported into the state and the extraction and transmission of fossil fuels imported into the state. Statewide emissions shall be expressed in tons of carbon dioxide equivalents.