What's happening
This bill establishes procedures and protections for partition actions involving heirs property, aiming to prevent forced sales and support family ownership.
Why it matters
Creates structured procedures to resolve disputes over inherited property. The bill provides detailed steps for how courts must handle "heirs property" (property inherited by multiple family members without a clear agreement), ensuring all co-owners have a voice and clear process in partition cases.
Gives co-owners a fair chance to keep property in the family. Before a forced sale can happen, co-tenants who didn’t request the sale have the right to buy out those who want to sell, at a court-determined fair market value, helping families retain generational property and wealth.
Sets higher standards for transparency, notice, and fairness. The bill requires mandatory settlement conferences, public posting of notices on the property, and fair-market appraisals by neutral parties, reducing the risk of heirs losing property through predatory actions or lack of information.
Prioritizes in-kind partition and family/community interests. Courts must prefer dividing property among heirs ("partition in kind") over outright sale, unless selling is clearly less prejudicial to all owners. Factors like sentimental attachment, historic use, and contribution to upkeep are considered, recognizing the unique value of family land beyond just money.
Albany, before your first meeting.
Every bill that moved yesterday, summarized in a sentence and ranked by impact. The Albany Scorecard follows on Sundays.
Free. Unsubscribe in one click. Want alerts on specific bills? Create an account.
Who cares
Headline styles
Protect Family-Owned Homes
Plain English, a few words. Used as the page title.
Sponsors
3 Co-sponsors
History
- Signed chap.596
- Delivered to governor
- Returned to senate
- Passed assembly
- Ordered to third reading rules cal.599
- Substituted for A7058A
- Referred to judiciary
- Delivered to assembly
- Passed senateVote 62–0
- Ordered to third reading cal.1691
- Committee discharged and committed to rules
- Print number 4865a
Show 2 earlier actions
- Amend and recommit to judiciary
- Referred to judiciary
Companion bill
The same bill in the other chamber. A bill becomes law when one version passes both houses and the governor signs it, so either number can carry it.
Protect Family Heirloom Property
Assembly Floor Calendar · Sponsor Jeffrey Dinowitz
Full text
8 pagesUnderlined is new[Struck] is removedOfficial text on nysenate.gov ↗
STATE OF NEW YORK
4865--A
2019-2020 Regular Sessions
IN SENATE
March 28, 2019
Introduced by Sens. HOYLMAN, MONTGOMERY, THOMAS -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Judiciary -- committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted to said committee
AN ACT to amend the real property actions and proceedings law, in relation to establishing the uniform partition of heirs property act
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:
Section 1. The real property actions and proceedings law is amended by adding a new section 993 to read as follows:
§ 993. Uniform partition of heirs property act. 1. Short title. This section shall be known as the "uniform partition of heirs property act".
2. Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(a) "Ascendant" means an individual who precedes another individual in lineage, in the direct line of ascent from such other individual.
(b) "Collateral" means an individual who is related to another individual under the law of intestate succession of this state but who is not such other individual's ascendant or descendant.
(c) "Descendant" means an individual who follows another individual in lineage, in the direct line of descent from such other such individual.
(d) "Determination of value" means a court order determining the fair market value of heirs property under subdivision six or ten of this section or adopting the valuation of the property agreed to by all co-tenants.
(e) "Heirs property" means real property held in tenancy in common which satisfies all of the following requirements as of the filing of a partition action:
(i) there is no agreement in a record binding all of the co-tenants which governs the partition of the property;
EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[ ] is old law to be omitted.
LBD10955-02-9
S. 4865--A 2
(ii) any of the co-tenants acquired title from a relative, whether living or deceased; and
(iii) any of the following applies:
(A) twenty percent or more of the interests are held by co-tenants who are relatives;
(B) twenty percent or more of the interests are held by an individual who acquired title from a relative, whether living or deceased;
(C) twenty percent or more of the co-tenants are relatives of each other; or
(D) any co-tenant who acquired title from a relative resides in the property.
(f) "Partition by sale" means a court-ordered sale of the entire heirs property, or the portion thereof in which any co-tenant who acquired title from a relative resides, whether by auction, sealed bids, or openmarket sale conducted under subdivision ten of this section.
(g) "Partition in kind" means partition or division of heirs property into physically distinct and separately titled parcels.
(h) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(i) "Relative" means an ascendant, descendant, or collateral or an individual otherwise related to another individual by blood, marriage, adoption, or law of this state other than under this section.
3. Applicability; relation to other law. (a) This section applies to partition actions filed on or after the effective date of this section.
(b) In any action to partition real property, the court shall determine, after notice and the right to be heard afforded to each party, whether the property is heirs property. If the court determines that the property is heirs property, the property shall be partitioned in accordance with this section unless all of the co-tenants otherwise agree in a record.
(c) This section shall supplement the general partition statute of this article and, if an action is governed by this section, shall replace the provisions of such general partition statute that are inconsistent with this section.
4. Service; notice by posting. (a) This section shall not limit or affect the method by which service of a complaint in a partition action may be made.
(b) If the plaintiff in a partition action seeks an order of notice by publication and the court determines that the property may be heirs property, the plaintiff, not later than ten days after the court's determination, shall post and maintain while the action is pending a conspicuous sign on the property that is the subject of the action. The sign shall state that the action has commenced and identify the name and address of the court and the common designation by which the property is known. The court may require the plaintiff to publish on the sign the name of the plaintiff and the known defendants.
5. Settlement conference. (a) In any partition action of heirs property, plaintiffs shall file proof of service within twenty days of such service, however service is made, and the court shall hold a mandatory conference within sixty days after the date when a request for judicial intervention is filed, or on such adjourned date as has been agreed to by the parties, for the purpose of holding settlement discussions pertaining to the relative rights and obligations of the parties with respect to the subject property including, but not limited to, as set forth in this section.
S. 4865--A 3
(b) Upon the filing of a request for judicial intervention, the court shall promptly send a notice to parties advising them of the time and place of the settlement conference, the purpose of the conference and the requirements of this section. The notice shall be in a form prescribed by the office of court administration, or, at the discretion of the office of court administration, the administrative judge of the judicial district in which the action is pending. Plaintiff shall post a copy of the settlement conference notice in a conspicuous place on the property within twenty days of the date of the notice.
(c) The settlement conference may be adjourned or reconvened from time to time as appropriate during the pendency of the partition action. At any conference held pursuant to this section, the plaintiffs and the defendants shall appear in person or by counsel, and each party's representative at the conference shall be fully authorized to dispose of the entirety or any portion of the case. If the defendant is appearing pro se, the court shall advise the defendant of the nature of the action and his or her rights and responsibilities as a defendant.
(d) At the first settlement conference held pursuant to this section, if the defendant has not filed an answer or made a pre-answer motion to dismiss, the court shall (i) advise the defendant of the requirement to answer the complaint, (ii) explain what is required to answer a complaint in court, (iii) advise that the ability to contest the partition action and assert defenses may be lost if an answer is not interposed, (iv) set a deadline for any co-tenants requesting partition by sale, and (v) provide information about available resources for legal assistance. A defendant who appears at the settlement conference but who failed to file a timely answer, pursuant to rule three hundred twenty of the civil practice law and rules, shall be presumed to have a reasonable excuse for the default and shall be permitted to serve and file an answer, without any substantive defenses deemed to have been waived, within thirty days of initial appearance at the settlement conference. The default shall be deemed vacated upon service and filing of an answer.
(e) Both the plaintiffs and defendants shall negotiate in good faith to reach a mutually agreeable resolution including, but not limited to, a tenancy in common agreement, a co-tenant buyout and the allocation, mechanics and financing thereof as provided in subdivision seven of this section, a partition in kind as provided in subdivisions eight and nine of this section, an open market sale as provided in subdivision ten of this section, or any other agreement or loss mitigation that is fair and reasonable considering the totality of factors listed in paragraph (a) of subdivision nine of this section.
(f) If the parties do not reach a mutually agreeable resolution, the referee, judicial hearing officer, or other staff designated by the court to oversee the settlement conference process shall make a report of findings of fact, conclusions of law and recommendations for relief to the court concerning any party's failure to negotiate in good faith pursuant to paragraph (e) of this subdivision. If the court determines a plaintiff has failed to negotiate in good faith, the partition action shall be dismissed.
(g) Any motions submitted by any party to the action may be held in abeyance while the settlement conference process is ongoing, except for motions concerning (i) a determination of the percentage interests, if any, owned by any alleged co-tenant if such interests are in dispute and (ii) compliance with this rule and its implementing rules including
S. 4865--A 4
applications to extend in the interests of justice any deadlines fixed herein.
(h) In addition to any other qualifications otherwise required, each commissioner appointed under section nine hundred fifteen of this article and any officer appointed to conduct a sale shall be disinterested, impartial and not related to a party to or participant in the action.
6. Determination of value. (a) If the court determines that the property that is the subject of a partition action is heirs property, the court shall determine the fair market value of the heirs property for purposes of subdivision seven of this section as follows, utilizing paragraph (d) of this subdivision, unless it has determined that paragraph (b) or (c) of this subdivision apply.
(b) If all co-tenants have agreed to the value of the property or to another method of valuation, the court shall adopt such value or the value produced by the agreed method of valuation.
(c) If the court determines that the evidentiary value of an appraisal is outweighed by the cost of the appraisal, the court, after an evidentiary hearing, shall determine the fair market value of the property and send notice of the value to the parties.
(d) If paragraph (b) or (c) of this subdivision do not apply, the court shall order an appraisal by a disinterested real estate appraiser licensed in this state to determine the fair market value of the property. Any determination of value under paragraph (c), (d), (f) or (g) of this subdivision shall assume sole ownership of the fee simple estate. On completion of the appraisal, the appraiser shall file a sworn or verified appraisal with the court.
(e) Not later than ten days after an appraisal is filed under paragraph (d) of this subdivision, the court shall send notice to each party with a known address, stating:
(i) the appraised fair market value of the property plus the allowed cost of the appraisal;
(ii) that the appraisal is available at the clerk's office; and
(iii) that a party may file with the court an objection to the appraisal not later than thirty days after the notice is sent, stating the grounds for the objection.
(f) If an appraisal is filed with the court pursuant to paragraph (d) of this subdivision, the court shall conduct a hearing to determine the fair market value of the property not sooner than thirty days after a copy of the notice of the appraisal is sent to each party under paragraph (e) of this subdivision, whether or not an objection to the appraisal is filed under subparagraph (iii) of paragraph (e) of this subdivision. In addition to the court-ordered appraisal, the court may consider any other evidence of value offered by a party.
(g) After a hearing under paragraph (f) of this subdivision, but before considering the merits of the partition action, the court shall determine the fair market value of the property and send notice to the parties of the value.
7. Co-tenant buyout. (a) Every co-tenant who requests or joins a request for partition of heirs property by sale has thereby agreed that his or her interest may be acquired in accordance herewith at the value determined under subdivision six of this section by the co-tenants who have not sought or joined in the request for partition by sale. Upon determination that the property is heirs property and prior to the determination of value under subdivision six of this section, the court shall send notice to all parties identifying the owners of interests that have sought partition by sale, the percentage interests such owners
S. 4865--A 5
allege to hold and of the right of the remaining co-tenants to avert partition by sale by exercising the right to purchase all of the interests of the co-tenants who requested partition by sale.
(b) Not later than forty-five days after the notice of the determination of value under subdivision six of this section is sent and by the date specified in such notice, any co-tenant, except a co-tenant that requested partition by sale, may give notice to the court of the total amount of percentage interests subject to purchase that he or she elects to buy; provided, however, the court shall make a determination of each co-tenant's percentage ownership interest in the property prior to sending notice of the determination of value if such interest is in dispute and shall consider all facts as determined by the court and presented by the parties, and all laws and rules that govern the transfer, succession and acquisition of title through probate, intestacy or otherwise.
(c) The purchase price for percentage interests shall be the value of the entire parcel determined under subdivision six of this section multiplied by the aggregate amount of the percentage interests subject to purchase.
(d) After expiration of the period in paragraph (b) of this subdivision, the following rules apply:
Reflowed for reading: line numbers and page breaks removed. Cite the official text.
Sponsor's memo
Title of bill
An act to amend the real property actions and proceedings law, in relation to establishing the uniform partition of heirs property act
Summary of provisions
Section 1 of the bill amends the Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law by adding a new section 993 entitled the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act.
- Subdivision 1 of section 993 establishes the short title of the section.
Read the full memo (1,006 words)
- Subdivision 2 of section 993 defines the terms used throughout the Act, including "heirs property," defined as real property held in tenan- cy in common in which there is no agreement in a record binding all of the cotenants which governs the partition of the property, one or more of the cotenants acquired title from a relative, and either at least 20% of the interests in the property are held by co-tenants who are rela- tives, at least 20% of the interests in the property are held by indi- viduals who acquired title from a relative, at least 20% or more of the co-tenants are relatives, or any co-tenant who acquired title from a relative resides in the property.
- Subdivision 3 of section 993 applies the provisions of this section to partition actions filed on or after the effective date of the law and specifies that this section supplements existing New York State law governing partitions, except where the provisions of existing law are inconsistent with this section, in which case the requirements of the Act apply.
- Subdivision 4 of section 993 establishes that the Act shall not limit or affect the existing method by which service of a complaint in a partition action made be made, as well as establishing the procedures if a plaintiff in a partition action seeks an order of notice by publica- tion.
- Subdivision 5 of section 993 establishes mandatory settlement confer- ences within 60 days after the date when a request for judicial inter- vention is filed, and requires any court-designated commissioners to be disinterested, impartial, and not a party to or a participant in the partition action.
- Subdivision 6 of section 993 requires courts to determine the fair market value of heirs property that is the subject of a partition action, and establishes procedures for court-ordered appraisals.
- Subdivision 7 of section 993 gives co-tenants the right of first refusal to purchase the interests of the co-tenant or co-tenants that are seeking a partition by sale, based on the proportionate share of the fair market value of the property, and establishes related procedures.
- Subdivision 8 of section 993 establishes that, if no co-tenant exer- cises their right to buy out a co-tenant seeking a partition by sale, the court shall first consider ordering a partition in kind, unless the court determines that a partition in kind will result in great manifest prejudice to the co-tenants as a group, in which case a partition by sale will be ordered.
- Subdivision 9 of section 993 establishes the considerations a court must make in determining whether to order partition in kind.
- Subdivision 10 of section 993 requires that a court-ordered sale of heirs property to be an open-market sale unless the court finds that a sale by sealed bid or auction would be in the best interest of the co-tenants, and establishes related procedures, including the appoint- ment of a real estate broker.
- Subdivision 11 of section 993 requires the appointed real estate broker to file a report with the court within seven days of receiving an offer to purchase the property.
Section 2 of the bill is the effective date.
Justification
As a general rule under current New York law, when real property has multiple owners who hold the property as tenants in common, any one co-owner can try to force the sale of the property by filing a partition action in court under Article 9 of the Real Property Actions and Proceedings Law.
In recent years, predatory real estate speculators have taken advantage of New York's laws governing partition actions by purchasing a stake in a residential property - usually after a number of family members have inherited the property - and then using that owners hip stake to file a partition action to dispossess the family of the property through a forced sale, often for pennies on the dollar relative to the actual value of the property. Lower- and middle-class families are particularly susceptible to these types of schemes, as they often do not engage in the kind of sophisticated estate planning that could prevent predatory partitioning actions.
This legislation would address the issue of predatory partition actions, while preserving a co-owner's right to sell his or her share of the property. The Act would only apply in situations where at least one of the co-owners has inherited their property interest from a relative and there is no written agreement otherwise governing partition among the owners. In such situations, there are a number of protections in place when a co-owner files for a partition order:
- The co-owner requesting the partition must give notice to all of the other co-owners.
- The court must order an independent appraisal to determine the proper- ty's fair market value.
- Any co-owner may exercise a right of first refusal to buy out the interest of the co-owner seeking partition for a proportional share of the court-determined fair market value.
- If no co-owner elects to buy out the co-owner seeking partition, the court must first consider ordering a partition-in-kind if the property can be physically divided. - If a partition-in-kind would be inappropriate, and the court orders a partition-by-sale, the property must be offered for sale on the open market at a price no lower than the court-determined value for a reason- able period of time and in a commercially reasonable manner. As of March 2019, eleven other states and the U.S. Virgin Islands have adopted similar legislation.
Legislative history
New bill.
Effective date
This act shall take effect immediately.
Summaries, headlines and scores are AI-generated from the official bill text. How we score bills. Source: NYS Open Legislation.