STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 4935 2025-2026 Regular Sessions IN ASSEMBLY February 10, 2025 ___________ Introduced by M. of A. BRONSON, SHIMSKY, TAPIA, DAVILA -- read once and referred to the Committee on Labor AN ACT to amend the labor law, in relation to dependent workers The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. Short title. This act shall be known and may be cited as 2 the "dependent worker act". 3 § 2. Legislative findings and intent. 1. It is hereby declared to be 4 the public policy of the state to ensure that laborers and other workers 5 who depend for their livelihood on working for others, offering their 6 time, labor and personal services in exchange for hourly wages or other 7 compensation, are timely and fully paid and informed regarding their 8 earnings, without the uncertainty, delay and denial that may result when 9 their employment status is disputed by claims that they are independent 10 contractors rather than employees. 11 2. It is further declared to be the public policy of the state to 12 ensure that such dependent workers shall have the right to organize and 13 bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing based 14 on the state's constitutional recognition that the labor of human beings 15 is not a commodity or an article of commerce and shall never be so 16 considered or construed. 17 3. The legislature finds that the ability of such dependent workers to 18 find opportunities for work has been transformed by technology to expand 19 day work to digital work, allowing workers to establish their availabil- 20 ity by the minute and hour, rather than simply by the day. In light of 21 this shift, the legislature finds that further examination is warranted 22 to determine the extent to which various employment benefits and 23 substantive protections that were historic bargains struck with input 24 from labor and management, through bargaining, legislation, and adminis- 25 trative rate setting and rulemaking, should be extended to such digital 26 work, regardless of employment status. The collective bargaining oppor- EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [ ] is old law to be omitted. LBD06542-01-5

A. 4935 2 1 tunities and public meetings provided through this legislation can 2 provide experience and input that is not currently available to the 3 legislature to inform determinations regarding such benefits and 4 substantive protections. 5 4. This chapter shall be deemed an exercise of the police power of the 6 state for the protection of the public welfare, prosperity, health, and 7 peace of the people of the state. 8 5. Nothing herein shall diminish the rights of any worker, including 9 those already or prospectively determined by a court or administrative 10 agency to be an employee. 11 § 3. Section 2 of the labor law is amended by adding a new subdivision 12 19 to read as follows: 13 19. "Dependent worker" means an individual who provides personal 14 services to a consumer of such personal services through a private 15 sector third-party that: establishes the gross amounts earned by the 16 individual; establishes the amounts charged to the consumer; collects 17 payment from the consumer; pays the individual; or any combination of 18 the preceding. The term "dependent worker" applies without regard to 19 whether the individual provides such services in the name of the indi- 20 vidual or in the name of a business or as a separate business entity, 21 and without regard to whether the consumer of such personal services is 22 an individual, business, other entity, or any combination thereof. No 23 governmental entity shall be considered a third-party for purposes of 24 the definition of the term "dependent worker". Whenever the term employ- 25 ee is defined by law to include a dependent worker for certain purposes, 26 then for such statute and purposes a dependent worker shall be deemed to 27 be employed by the third-party referenced above, who shall be deemed to 28 be an employer engaged in an employment relationship with a dependent 29 worker, unless otherwise excluded from such statute or purposes. Work- 30 ers classified as employees by other means or who satisfy any other 31 legal test for employment, including those already or prospectively 32 determined by a court or administrative agency to be employees, shall 33 not have any rights or protections diminished by application of this 34 subdivision. 35 § 4. Subdivision 2 of section 190 of the labor law, as added by chap- 36 ter 391 of the laws of 2024, is amended to read as follows: 37 2. "Employee" means any person employed for hire by an employer in any 38 employment[~~, but~~]; provided, however with respect to the entirety of 39 this article, except sections one hundred ninety-three, one hundred 40 ninety-six-b, one hundred ninety-eight, and one hundred ninety-eight-b, 41 shall not include any person who has entered into a contract to play 42 baseball at the minor league level and who is compensated pursuant to 43 the terms of a collective bargaining agreement that expressly provides 44 for the wages, hours of work, and working conditions of employees; and 45 provided further, however, for purposes of sections one hundred ninety- 46 one, one hundred ninety-two, one hundred ninety-five and one hundred 47 ninety-six-d of this article, as well as any regulations adopted there- 48 under and any provisions relating to the enforcement of such sections 49 including sections one hundred ninety-six, one hundred ninety-six-a, one 50 hundred ninety-seven, one hundred ninety-eight, one hundred ninety- 51 eight-a, two hundred eleven, two hundred thirteen, two hundred fifteen, 52 two hundred eighteen, two hundred nineteen, and two hundred nineteen-c 53 of this chapter, shall include a dependent worker, as defined by section 54 two of this chapter. 55 § 5. Subdivision 3 of section 701 of the labor law is amended by 56 adding a new paragraph (d) to read as follows:

A. 4935 3 1 (d) The term "employee" shall also include a dependent worker, as 2 defined by section two of this chapter, for purposes of this article, of 3 article twenty-A, and of sections two hundred eight, two hundred nine, 4 two hundred nine-a, and two hundred eleven-a of this chapter, as well as 5 any regulations promulgated thereunder and any provisions relating to 6 the enforcement of such article and sections including sections one 7 hundred ninety-six, one hundred ninety-six-a, two hundred eleven, two 8 hundred thirteen, and two hundred fifteen of this chapter. 9 § 6. The commissioner of labor shall hold public meetings with repre- 10 sentatives of businesses, employees and dependent workers to examine 11 various state labor and related laws that regulate employment rights and 12 benefits to identify which provisions could be extended to provide 13 dependent workers with the same, or similar, rights and benefits as 14 employees have, consistent with the underlying purposes of each statuto- 15 ry scheme without substantially curtailing opportunities for dependent 16 workers to earn income sufficient to provide adequate maintenance for 17 themselves and their families, and whether changes should be made to the 18 definition of dependent worker, as defined by section 2 of the labor 19 law. 20 § 7. The commissioner of labor may hold separate meetings, or convene 21 committees, to examine different industries and services, including, but 22 not limited to personal transportation (including taxis, black car and 23 ride sharing services), local delivery (including messenger and food 24 delivery services), and various personal services (including temporary 25 staffing services, cleaning services, and custom errand services). 26 § 8. The commissioner of labor shall make a report of such commission- 27 er's findings to the governor, the temporary president of the senate, 28 and the speaker of the assembly, within one year of the first public 29 meeting. Such report shall include recommendations for further action 30 and legislation. 31 § 9. The provisions of law to be examined by the commissioner of labor 32 shall include, but not be limited to, the following: 33 a. social safety net employment laws, including: 34 i. compensation for the unemployed, under the unemployment insurance 35 law, under article 18 of the labor law; 36 ii. compensation and medical benefits for workplace injuries and 37 illnesses under articles 1-8 of the workers' compensation law; 38 iii. compensation for non-workplace disability and family leave bene- 39 fits under the disability benefits law and the paid family leave bene- 40 fits law under article 9 of the workers' compensation law; 41 iv. notices and compensation for workers laid off due to plant clos- 42 ings under the New York state worker adjustment and retraining notifica- 43 tion (WARN) act, under article 25-A of the labor law; and 44 v. notification of continuation of coverage for health insurance 45 following termination under section 217 of the labor law. 46 b. anti-discrimination, opportunity and privacy protections, includ- 47 ing: 48 i. equal opportunity and anti-discrimination employment protections 49 under the human rights law under article 15 of the executive law; 50 ii. licensure and employment of persons previously convicted of one or 51 more criminal offenses under article 23-A of the correction law; 52 iii. related posting and sexual harassment training requirements under 53 sections 201-f and 201-g of the labor law; 54 iv. prohibition on use of lie detectors and other psychological stress 55 evaluators in employment under article 20-B of the labor law;

A. 4935 4 1 v. prohibition on finger printing under section 201-a of the labor 2 law; 3 vi. employee privacy in connection with changing rooms, personal iden- 4 tifying information, physical examinations and nursing parents under 5 sections 203-c, 203-d, 206-a and 206-c of the labor law; 6 vii. various prohibitions on discrimination based on child-care for 7 adoptive parents, lawful outside activities, for failure to meet ticket 8 quotas and displaying the American flag under sections 201-c, 201-d, 9 215-a and 215-c of the labor law; and 10 viii. anti-retaliation and anti-discrimination protections in 11 connection with workers' compensation and labor laws under sections 12 210-a and 215 of the labor law. 13 c. laws regarding payment of wages, including: 14 i. payment of wages and related protections under article 6 of the 15 labor law; 16 ii. minimum wages and related protections under the minimum wage act 17 under article 19 of the labor law; and 18 iii. payment of fees for medical exams required for employment under 19 section 201-b of the labor law. 20 d. laws regulating hours of work, including: 21 i. employment of minors hours and permitting under article 4 of the 22 labor law; 23 ii. child performers hours, education and trust requirements under 24 article 4-A of the labor law; 25 iii. hours of labor and day of rest requirements under article 5 of 26 the labor law; and 27 iv. leave of absences for volunteer emergency first responders under 28 section 202-l of the labor law. 29 e. laws regulating safety and health, including: 30 i. right to know protections under the toxic substances provisions of 31 article 28 of the labor law; and 32 ii. protections in connection with window cleaning, bridges and 33 tunnels, hotels and motels, eating in certain workrooms, factories, 34 high-voltage lines, mercantile establishments, mines, explosives and 35 places of public assembly under sections 202, 202-e, 202-f, 202-h, 205 36 and articles 11, 14, 15, 16 and 17 of the labor law. 37 § 10. This act shall take effect on the sixtieth day after it shall 38 have become a law.

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